How to Write a Short Story free essay sample

Stories tell the journeys of our lives. When constant bruises are made, we find some source of connection that makes everything okay. And short stories are perfect for that motive. The English Journal says, â€Å"With today’s blurring moral standards, it’s more important than ever†¦to read.† (129). With more readers, comes a higher demand for story-tellers, but not just anyone. They should emotionally provoke the reader into uncovering the depths of the world they are entering into. But how is that creation possible? The possibilities are endless, from choosing characters to deciding their fate. The option is in the writer’s hands. By incorporating the basic elements of general story-telling, you can write a better short story. But to write any story, you need to decide who your audience is. Will they be children, adolescents, or adults? The Journal of Education Research says, â€Å"The age of the main character relative to the age of the reader is shown to be a fairly potent characteristic. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Write a Short Story or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † (147). The decision will be crucial, as well as the right material. Does your story consist of romance, or the adventures of getting a puppy? After all, a child won’t understand a teenage girl hoping a boy will kiss her, while that adolescent won’t care about adopting a puppy. With the audience in mind, you are ready to create the protagonist and antagonist. The difference and the role they play are crucial. The protagonist is the hero, and star of the journey. While the antagonist is the bad guy; they get in the way of the protagonists’ goals. But they don’t have to be in human form. They can range from being nature, society, fate, or even lay in the protagonist himself. For example, Edgar Allan Poe’s The Black Cat. The protagonist is a self-destructive alcoholic that grows â€Å"moodier†¦ (and) more regardless of the feelings of others.† (3). The antagonist, the black cat, gets in the way of his irritability, causing severe action that creates consequences lasting a lifetime. According to Write Source, â€Å"(They) should have a specific role that introduces complications that block that main character’s goal.† (356). And whatever form that may be, the complications created will be a critical element in tel ling the story. In order for the antagonist to create conflict, all characters must have the ability to care; otherwise their goals and needs won’t matter. â€Å"The character who cares about something, finds something important is worth bothering with†¦Caring is the core is the character. Without it you have nothing†¦When the time comes to write the story, plunge him into a pre-planned situation that challenges the part of him that cares, threatens the thing he feels most important.† (Swain 3). Not only is it a great building tool for conflict, but makes figuring out the objective and unconscious motive easier. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Babylon Revisited, protagonist Charlie cares about his daughter, Honoria. His objective is to give her a home, thus the line, â€Å"I’m awfully anxious to have a home†¦ (with) Honoria in it.† (638). This stems from his need of youth. â€Å"He wanted this child and nothing was much good now. He wasn’t young an ymore, with a lot of nice thoughts and dreams to have by himself.† (647). Charlie needs Honoria back so he can bestow his dreams into her, so his life can have meaning. This is where the antagonist Aunt Marion comes in. She won’t let him have the child, because he’s a recovering alcoholic, and also believes he killed her sister. This breaks Charlie’s main goal into a series of complications that keep emotions invested and pages turning. But creating conflict is hard, so formatting your story into a tight structure will be beneficial. Following Mary Kole’s emotional plot theory first will be the exposition, showing â€Å"Your characters base line of existence.† (159). The main purpose is to introduce the reader to the character, but it â€Å"should last no longer than the first few scenes.† (159). Next is the Inciting Incident – â€Å"the moment when everything changes.† (159). The character should now have a goal causing obstacles she’ll need to overcome. Then will come the fall, which â€Å"drags the character through the lowest of the low†¦Stakes will rise, obstacles will be more difficult to overcome, and the emotions†¦will become more complex.† (162). This leads to the climax, the highest level of conflict as protagonist and antagonist face-off. Write Source says, â€Å"It is the moment of truth†¦ (and) should also cause a change†¦in the main character.† (342). Though the characters should realize the truth in the resolution, which should tie up the story together. In Babylon Revisited, the exposition shows people’s surprising reactions to Charlie being sober. The inciting incident happens during a visit to his family, motivating him to take Honoria by thinking, â€Å"(Marion’s) dislike was evident in the coldness which she spoke. Her very aggressiveness gave him an advantage†¦of what†¦had brought him to Paris†¦A great wave of protectiveness came over him. He thought he knew what to do for her.† (634). The thinking process leads him to taking action to getting Honoria back as his own, bringing him to the fall. As he tries to achieve Honoria’s trust in him, he faces temptation to drink, but must set a good example to Marion by controlling his temper. The climax begins when Charlie and Marion argue about the decision. Marion has the advantage when she gets sick, persuading husband Lincoln onto her side as he says, â€Å"Marion’s sick†¦I know this thing isn’t together your fault, but I can’t have her go to pieces about it. I’m afraid we’ll have to slide for six months; I can’t take the chance of working her up to this state again.† Marion wins the battle, which changes Charlie into drinking whiskey as he contemplates Honoria and wife Helen. The story resolves with his changed loneliness. â€Å"He was absolutely sure Helen wouldn’t have wanted him to be so alone.† Though it’s a disappointing ending, it rings with secure knowledge that he’ll keep trying. Helping create conflict through structure can be done by building complications. By writing First, Next, Then, and After will transform the beginning of the scene to showing what has changed. Whether that is a new goal or a set-back, it can range from bigger obstacles to becoming closer to an objective. According to Write Source, â€Å"Writing events or details (will) make the conflict more serious.† And better developed conflict will make your story better. The opening scenes in The Black Cat will exemplify. First: the protagonist comes home drunk. Next: the cat attacks him. Then: he cuts out the cat’s eye socket. After: he realizes the horror of his action. What has changed is the protagonist now knows what he is uncontrollably capable of. The next scene continues. First: the cat slowly recovers. Next: the cat’s avoidance sickens the man. Then: he hangs the cat because he can’t stand it any longer. After: he not only realizes how horrible his action is, but not realizes he’s making a sin against God. The list goes on until the showdown between the man and cat arrives. Just listing off conflict in that order will not only make your story exciting to read about, but exciting to write. To spruce up complications, mixing external and internal conflicts will play a key element in your story. But the difference is crucial to know. According to Mary Kole, â€Å"There are two levels of external conflict. Interpersonal can be a fight with a boyfriend, problems with parents, etc. Societal conflict†¦ (consists of) flue epidemics, famine, etc.† (95). Basically it’s a problem you can see. Internal conflict is â€Å"the issues a character has swirling in his head about identity and his life in general†¦It can be: loneliness, self-consciousness, fear of failure, etc.† (95). It is something you can’t see. Giving characters external and internal conflict will turn into a stake, which is an â€Å"or else† situation. The man in The Black Cat must kill the cat or else he’ll kill himself. Charlie in Revisiting Babylon must get back his own daughter or else his dreams will die with him. By providing visible goals with invisible sta kes will create powerful conflict, which will flesh out layers of deep meaning into the story. A way to show internal conflict is through subtext in dialog. College Literature says, â€Å"Subtext is the underlying motives, gestures, and attitudes of the characters suggested by but not contained in the actual words spoken back and forth.† (42). Just like someone is saying something that opposes how they truly feel. A line in The Black Cat shows this. â€Å"Gentlemen, I delight to have allayed your suspicions. I wish you health and a little more courtesy. By the bye, gentlemen this is a very well-constructed house†¦These walls†¦are solidly put together.† What he is secretly implying is he wants the officers to go, because hidden in the walls that are not â€Å"solidly put together† is the wife that he murdered. By implying subtext in your dialog, it not only enriches the conflict, while making the character more interesting. While incorporating all these story elements, it will be necessary to edit your work, but that process can be tricky. You may think your rough draft is so good that it will be immediately accepted for publication everywhere. That will never be the case. Instead, get feedback from a trusted friend, or join a writers group. But in the meantime, Write Source gives an editing checklist. It consists of, â€Å"Is my main character believable? Is the conflict clear? Does my beginning capture the reader’s interests? Does my middle provide complications that lead to a climax? Does my ending resolve with conflict? Does my dialog (regular and internal) sound natural?† (349). Revising your work following this guideline can help make your story better, and achieve a higher level of writing for you. Doing all this work can be tough, and scary. A rough draft is always going to be the hardest part of writing. A blank piece of paper can easily turn your mind into an empty, void space where no creative flows exist. This is known as writers block. But Walter Dean Myers calls it â€Å"a loss of confidence.† (19). Which is having no belief in your words. When you believe in yourself, it is easier to summon up bubbles of imagination that are waiting to burst through your pen. With no belief, your mind turns into a cactus that pricks the creativity away, creating the block. But there are remedies. Solutions include free-writing, drinking tea, exercising, etc. They also help relax the mind, but saying positive lines such as â€Å"I can do it.† Also attribute to confidence building. But if you incorporate these elements into your story, writing one will become easier with time and practice. Though writing in general, is hard work, your creation will always be worth the pain. Brenda Ueland says, â€Å"Everybody is talented, original, and has something to say.† (3). Whether you believe that or not, it’s true. You will never know who you will inspire by putting your words out into the world. Never give up. Let your voice express your words and let that take you somewhere.

Fast Food Restaurants in Guyana do more harm than good. Essay Example

Fast Food Restaurants in Guyana do more harm than good. Essay Example Fast Food Restaurants in Guyana do more harm than good. Essay Fast Food Restaurants in Guyana do more harm than good. Essay A silent escalating epidemic of malnutrition is the underlying cause of most deaths in Modern Caribbean Society. This phenomenon is significantly heightened with the increasing availability and accessibility of Fast Food Restaurants situated all over Guyana. Most of which are franchises, established initially in the country with the highest percentage of Obesity in the world, The United States of America. Indeed Fast Food Restaurants provide Job opportunities for Gayness citizens, but unfortunately that is the sole benefit, compared to the sundry detriments they pose o many areas of life. Firstly, the Caribbean is a tropical paradise, blessed with acres upon acres of land, to cultivate healthy food with ease, because of the warm climate. Fresh grown vegetables, and home cooked food is superior in terms of health standards to the food Available in Fast Food Restaurants, on many terms. : A basic example would be the health hazard, due to the resurges of oil in the Fast Food Restaurants. Moreover, left over oil, becomes rancid after four days, which is extensively dangerous to cook with, because it may cause lesions in the arteries, roving space for fat to stick and clog. In addition the meats from these Fast Food Restaurants, are highly preserved and contain food additives, which may cause Castro- intestinal problems, and have said to be cancerous. With all that has been said about the health risks that Fast Foods cause, it is must better to utilize the fresher and naturally grown foods, available right in Guyana. It must be said, with the Westernizes of Gayness culture and the first world influence, there has been much more Fast Food Restaurants being built since 1975. Hence it is only social to conclude that more people would eat from them, explaining the the growth of Obesity by 80% over the past two decades. This is a very unhealthy lifestyle for an individual, mot forgetting that the medical management of obesity is difficult and complex. The reason being Obesity allows for an ocean of diseases to affect the body. For instance obesity is associated with the development of osteoarthritis, breast and endometrial cancer, liver disease and most prevalently cardiovascular disease. The issue remains with over quarter of the Gayness Adult population overweight and ineffective use of resources, to treat them all. Apart from the multiple harmful effects of Fast Food Restaurants, and unbecoming culture of dependence and quite frankly laziness has evolved. There is no longer an appreciation of the diversity of foods offered in Guyana, instead people prefer Fast Foods because it is easier to get since there is the drive thrust, delivery and pick up services. Moreover, this postmodern way of life that has been adopted by Gayness takes a toll on them financially, especially, because the amount of money spent on a meal, can suffice to kook healthy food for up to four days. With that being said, it can be agreed, that a major socioeconomic problem is certainly the last thing Guyana needs. In all Fast Food Restaurants are mainly and originally an American influence, and it has been expanded and developed over the years, centrally promoting an unhealthy is not enough to compensate for the many diseases and health problems it may cause. Moreover Guyana as a developing country, cannot afford any major setbacks at this time, especially one that has the potential to affect the most important resource, which is the human resource.

Goodpaster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Goodpaster - Essay Example Since the statement has not categorized the stakeholders, it means that it will treat all participants who are involved in transaction equally. The mission statement also aims at ensuring that stakeholders achieve maximum satisfaction. This indicates that this statement is based on the utilitarian ethical critical thinking technique. The article argues that utilitarian principle is classified under normative ethics and it aims at providing maximum utility to all parties who are involved in an organization. Normative ethics is a field that aims at differentiating right from wrong (Goodpaster 5). Therefore, it means that if the disutility that stakeholders get from an organization surpasses the utilities, it means that the company acts unethically. The organization should, therefore, analyze the effects of its actions during the formulation of policies to ensure that they produce more benefits than costs when they are implemented. Goodpaster argues that companies should conduct the analysis when formulating policies that deal with both the internal and the external environment (3). Therefore, from the views of Goodpaster, the mission statement is ethically

Joseph J. Campbell 'The Hero with a Thousand Faces' Essay

Joseph J. Campbell 'The Hero with a Thousand Faces' - Essay Example Campbell’s monomyth (also known as a hero’s journey) is an essential pattern that a person who is to become a hero must take, in order to become a hero. It is a matter of great interest that most people who are fit being regarded as hero, have led a life that is commensurate with Campbell’s monomyth and this includes the life, times and achievements of Martin Luther, the German monk, professor of theology, the head figure of the Great Reformation of the 16th century Christianity (Protestant Reformation) and former Catholic priest. This element of consistency between the two shall be seen in the discussion that ensues forthwith. According to Campbell, the first stage that the potential hero has to experience is the experiencing of the ordinary world. Herein, the individual becomes uncomfortable, unaware or uneasy as he is introduced to the audience, so as to identify with his situation or dilemma. The individual may be depicted against a background of personal his tory, heredity and environmental background. Particularly, there is a strong element of polarity in the life of the individual and thereby pulling him in different diametric directions, causing him stress. The immediately foregoing can also be seen in the life of Martin Luther (November 10, 1483- February 18, 1546), a man of German nationality who grew up to be a monk, a priest, a theologian and the professor who authored the 95 theses. Having been born into the Holy Roman Empire, Luther rose up to be a Catholic priest. At the time, the religious environment in which Luther operated and lived was putrid with complacency, since the Roman Catholic Church: was practicing the selling of indulgences; suffered covertly the popes and members of the clergy to keep mistresses; continued to operate as an integral part of the state; neither regard the teachings of Biblical Scriptures nor taught the same to the laity; and had amassed a vast pool of wealth illegitimately, through these means. Even life outside the Church was not any better. The raunchy lifestyle that had suffused the rest of Germany is underscored by Luther referring to University of Erfurt which he had attended as a beerhouse and a whorehouse (Maritain, 75). Secondly, there is a call to adventure. Herein, there is an element that shakes up the situation. These elements may emanate either from external pressures, or from internal pressure. This pressure compels the hero to face the beginnings of change. One of the events that clearly served as a call to adventure for Martin Luther was the July 2, 1505 incident. Herein, Luther was riding on a horseback on his way to the university when a lightning bolt struck near him. He made a cry for help and promised to become a monk- a development that seriously infuriated his father who had invested heavily in Luther’s education. Later, after he had become a priest, Luther’s encounter with St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans (especially Romans 1:17) seriously woke him up to the spiritual reality that was contradictory to the Catholic Church’s teachings and practices. This encounter compelled Luther to read more and to begin questioning the practi ces pertinent to Catholicism, until he was convinced that Catholicism was not in line with Scriptural teachings. The foregoing may be succeeded by the refusal to call. This refusal may be underpinned by the fear of the unknown and any danger that may lie ahead, and thereby dissuading the individual from embarking on the adventure. This usually happens briefly. It is a fact that even after the lightning bolt incident, Luther was somewhat reluctant to join the monastery, even though he answered the call almost immediately. Secondly, even after the

Summary and Analysis of the Compton Effect

Summary and Analysis of the Compton Effect En = nhf (1) where En is the energy, n is a non-negative integer, h is Plancks constant, and f is the frequency of the photon.2 In 1905, Albert Einstein extended Plancks inference to include not only black body radiation but all electromagnetic waves! Therefore, Einstein hypothesized that light is quantized with energy proportional to its frequency.3 The obvious principle to be deduced from these discoveries is that light possessed attributes of waves and particles! In 1922, Arthur Holly Compton solidified Plancks assumption and therefore firmly established a new era of physics. Compton theorized and then experimentally demonstrated that electromagnetic waves had the properties of particles. Classically, x-rays would shake the electrons of a target material at the same frequency of the x-ray. Hence, the wavelength of radiation from the oscillating electrons would be identical to the wavelength of the incoming xrays. 1 However, it was observed that x-rays were more easily absorbed by materials than waves of longer wavelength. In other words, the scattered  x-rays were of longer wavelength.4 This was contrary to the predictions of classical physics. Compton realized though, that if the interaction was modeled as a collision between two particles (electron and photon), the scattered x-rays would-be of longer wave length (compared to the incident-rays) because the recoiling electron would acquire some of the energy and momentum of the  incoming x-ray.4 Since wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency, the frequency of the scattered x-rays was less. From eq. (1), it is seen  that the energy would also be decreased. When Compton carried out this experiment in 1922 using molybdenum as his target, he verified his theory and provided even more evidence that light also possessed a mass less particle nature Detailed Description of Compton Effect   the elastic scattering of electromagnetic radiation by free electrons, accompanied by an increase in wavelength; it is observed during scattering of radiation of short wavelength-X rays and gamma rays. The corpuscular properties of radiation were fully revealed for the first time in the Compton Effect. The Compton effect was discovered in 1922 by the American physicist A. Compton, who observed that X rays scattered in paraffin have a longer wavelength than the incident rays. Such a shift in wavelength could not be explained by classical theory. In fact, according to classical electrodynamics, under the influence of the periodic electric field of an electromagnetic (light) wave, an electron should oscillate with a frequency equal to that of the wave and consequently should radiate secondary (scattered) waves of the same frequency. Thus, in classical scattering (the theory of which was provided by the British physicist J. J. Thomson and is therefore called Thomson scattering) the wavelength of the light does not change. An elementary theory of the Compton effect based on quantum concepts was given by Compton and independently by P. Debye. According to quantum theory a light wave is a stream of light quanta, or photons. Each photon has a definite energy Ø ¹ =hv=hc/ÃŽÂ »and a definite momentum pÃŽÂ ³= (h/ÃŽÂ »)n, where ÃŽÂ » is the wavelength of the incident light (vis its frequency),cis the speed of light,his Plancks constant, and n is the unit vector in the direction of propagation of the wave (the subscript ÃŽÂ ³ denotes a photon). In quantum theory the Compton Effect appears as an elastic collision between two particles, the incident photon and the stationary electron. In every such collision event the laws of conservation of energy and momentum are obeyed. A photon that has collided with an electron transfers part of its energy and momentum to the electron and changes its direction of motion (it is scattered); the decrease in the photons energy signifies an increase in the wav elength of the scattered light. The electron, which previously had been stationary, receives energy and momentum from the photon and is set in motion (it experiences recoil). The direction of motion of the particles after the collision, as well as their energy, is determined by the laws of conservation of energy and momentum (Figure 1). Elastic collision of a photon and an electron in the Compton effect. Before the collision the electron was stationary:pÃŽÂ ³and pÃŽÂ ³are the momentum of the incident and scattered photons, pe=mvis the momentum of the recoil electron (vis its velocity),(is the photons scattering angle, and à ¸ is the angle of escape of the recoil electron relative to the direction of the incident photon. Simultaneous solution of the equations expressing the equality of the summed energies and momentums of the particles before and after the collision (assuming that the electron is stationary before the collision) gives Comptons formula for the shift in the wavelength of the light: =ÃŽÂ » à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »=ÃŽÂ »0(1 Ë- cos ÃŽÂ ¸) Here ÃŽÂ » is the wavelength of the scattered light, ÃŽÂ ¸ is the photons scattering angle, and ÃŽÂ »0=h/mc= 2.426 ÃÆ'- 10Ë-10cm = 0.024 angstrom (Ã…) is the Compton wavelength of the electron (mis the mass of the electron). It follows from Comptons formula that the shift in the wavelength does not depend on the wavelength ÃŽÂ » of the incident light itself. It is solely determined by the scattering angle ÃŽÂ ¸ of the photon and is maximal when ÃŽÂ ¸ = 180 °, that is, when scattering is straight back: max= 2ÃŽÂ »o. Expressions for the energy Ø ¹eof the recoil, or Compton, electron as a function of the angle à ¸ of its escape may be obtained from the same equations. The dependence of the energy Ø ¹ ÃŽÂ ³ of the scattered photon on the scattering angle ÃŽÂ ¸, as well as the dependence of Ø ¹eon à ¸, which is related to it, is shown in Figure 2. From the figure it is apparent that the recoil electrons always have a velocity component in the direction of motion of the incident photon (that is, à ¸ does not exceed 90 °). Experiment has confirmed all the above theoretical predictions. The correctness of the corpuscular concepts of the mechanism of the Compton effect-and thus the correctness of the basic assumptions of quantum theory-has been experimentally proved. In actual experiments on the scattering of photons by matter, the electrons are not free but are bound to atoms. If the energy of the photons is high in comparison with the binding energy of the electrons in the atom (X-ray and gamma-ray photons), then the electrons experience a recoil strong enough to expel them from the atom. In this case the photon scattering proceeds as if with free electrons. However, if the energy of the photon is not sufficient to tear the electron from the atom, then the photon exchanges energy and momentum with the entire atom. Since the mass of the atom is very great compared to the photons equivalent mass (which, according to the theory of relativity, equals  £y/c2), the recoil is virtually nonexistent; therefore, the photon Dependence of the energyØ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »of the scattered photon on the scattering angleÃŽÂ ¸(for convenience, only the upper half of the symmetrical curve is depicted) and the dependence of the energy Ø ¹eof the recoil electron on the angle of escape 0 (lower half of the curve). Quantities related to the same collision event are labeled with identical numbers. The vectors drawn from point 0, at which the collision between the proton with energy Ø ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ and the stationary electron occurred, to corresponding points on the curves depict the state of the particle after scattering: the magnitudes of the vectors give the energy of the particles, and the angles formed by the vectors with the direction of the incident photon define the scattering angle à ¸ and the angle 0 of the recoil electrons path. (The graph was plotted for the case of scattering of hard X rays with wavelengthhc/Ø ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³= ÃŽÂ ³o= 0.024 Ã….)  is scattered without a change in its energy (t hat is, without a change in its wavelength, or coherently). In heavy atoms only the peripheral electrons are weakly bound (in contrast to the electrons filling the inner shells of the atom), and therefore the spectrum of the scattered radiation has both a shifted (Compton) line, from scattering by the peripheral electrons, and an un-shifted (coherent) line, from scattering by the entire atom. With increasing atomic number (nuclear charge) the electron binding energy increases, the relative intensity of the Compton line decreases, and that of the coherent line increases. The motion of the electrons in atoms leads to a broadening of the Compton lines in the scattered radiation. This occurs because the wavelength of the incident light appears to be slightly changed for moving electrons; in addition, the amount of change depends on the magnitude and direction of the electrons velocity (the Doppler effect). Careful measurements of the intensity distribution in a Compton line, which reflects the velocity distribution of the electrons in the material, has confirmed the correctness of quantum theory, according to which electrons obey Fermi-Dirac statistics. The simplified theory of the Compton Effect examined here does not permit the calculation of all characteristics of Compton scattering, particularly the intensity of photon scattering at various angles. A complete theory of the Compton Effect is provided by quantum electrodynamics. The intensity of Compton scattering depends on both the scattering angle and the wavelength of the incident radiation. Asymmetry is observed in the angular distribution of the scattered photons: more photons are scattered forward, and the asymmetry increases with increasing energy of the incident photons. The total intensity of Compton scattering decreases with an increase in the energy of the primary photons (Figure 3); this indicates that the probability of the Compton scattering of a photon passing through matter diminishes with decreasing energy. Such a dependence of intensity on  £y determines the place of Compton scattering among the other effects of interaction between matter and radiation that ar e responsible for loss of energy by photons in their passage through matter. For example, in lead the Compton effect makes the main contribution to the energy loss of photons at energies of the order of 1-10 mega electron volts, or MeV (in a lighter element, aluminum, this range is 0.1-30.0 MeV); below this region it is surpassed by the photoelectric effect, and above it by pair production. Compton scattering is used extensively in studying the gamma radiation of nuclei; it is also the basis of the principle of operation of some gamma spectrometers. The Compton effect is possible not only for electrons but also for other charged particles, such as protons; however, because of the protons large mass its recoil is noticeable only during the scattering of photons with very high energy. The double Compton effect consists of the formation of two scattered photons in place of a single incident photon during scattering by a free electron. The existence of this process follows from quantum electrodynamics; it was first observed in 1952. Its probability is approximately a hundred times less than that of the ordinary Compton effect. Graph showing the dependence of the total Compton scattering intensity Inverse Compton effect. If the electrons on which electromagnetic radiation is scattered are relativistic (that is, if they are moving with speeds close to the speed of light), then in an elastic collision the wavelength of the radiation will decrease: the energy and momentum of the photons will increase at the expense of the energy and momentum of the electrons. This phenomenon is called the inverse Compton effect and is often used to explain the radiation mechanism of cosmic X-ray sources, the production of the X-ray component of the background galactic radiation, and the transformation of plasma waves into high-frequency electromagnetic waves. Description of the phenomenon By the early 20th century, research into the interaction ofX-rayswith matter was well underway. It was known that when a beam of X-rays is directed at an atom, an electron is ejected and is scattered through an angleÃŽÂ ¸.Classical electromagnetismpredicts that the wavelength of scattered rays should be equal to the initial wavelength;-9-2[3]however, multiple experiments found that the wavelength of the scattered rays was greater than the initial wavelength. In 1923, Compton published a paper in thePhysical Reviewexplaining the phenomenon. Using the notion ofquantized radiationand the dynamics ofspecial relativity, Compton derived the relationship between the shift in wavelength and the scattering angle: Where ÃŽÂ »is the initial wavelength, ÃŽÂ »Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²is the wavelength after scattering, his thePlanck constant, meis the mass of the electron, cis thespeed of light, and ÃŽÂ ¸is the scattering angle. The quantityhà ¢Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾mecis known as theCompton wavelengthof the electron; it is equal to2.43ÃÆ'-10à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢12m. The wavelength shiftÃŽÂ »Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »is at least zero (forÃŽÂ ¸= 0 °) and at most twice the Compton wavelength of the electron (forÃŽÂ ¸= 180 °). Compton found that some X-rays experienced no wavelength shift despite being scattered through large angles; in each of these cases the photon failed to eject an electron.Thus the magnitude of the shift is related not to the Compton wavelength of the electron, but to the Compton wavelength of the entire atom, which can be upwards of 10à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °000 times smaller. Compton Scattering the scattering of3.html#c4x-raysfrom electrons in a carbon target and found scattered x-rays with a longer wavelength than those incident upon the target. The shift of the wavelength increased with scattering angle according to the Compton formula: Compton explained and modeled the data by assuming a particle (photon) nature for light and applying conservation of energy and conservation of momentum to the collision between the photon and the electron. The scattered photon has lower energy and therefore a longer wavelength according to the2.html#c3Planck relationship. At a time (early 1920s) when the particle (photon) nature of light suggested by the1.html#c2photoelectric effectwas still being debated, the Compton experiment gave clear and independent evidence of particle-like behavior. Compton was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1927 for the discovery of the effect named after him. Compton Scattering Data Comptons original experiment made use of molybdenum K-alpha x-rays, which have a wavelength of 0.0709 nm. These were scattered from a block of carbon and observed at different angles with a2Bragg spectrometer. The spectrometer consists of a rotating framework with a calcite crystal to diffract the x-rays and an ionization chamber for detection of the x-rays. Since the spacing of the crystal planes in calcite is known, the angle of diffraction gives an accurate measure of the wavelength. Examination of the Compton scattering formula shows that the scattered wavelength depends upon the angle of scattering and also the mass of the scattered. For scattering from stationary electrons, the formula gives a wavelength of 0.0733 nm for scattering at 90 degrees. That is consistent with the right-hand peak in the illustration above. The peak which is near the original x-ray wavelength is considered to be scattering off inner electrons in the carbon atoms which are more tightly bound to the carbon nucleus. This causes the entire atom to recoil from the x-ray photon, and the larger effective scattering mass proportionally reduces the wavelength shift of the scattered photons. Putting the entire carbon nuclear mass into the scattering equation yields a wavelength shift almost 22,000 times smaller than that for an unbound electron, so those scattered photons are not seen to be shifted. The scattering of photons from charged particles is called Compton scattering after Arthur Compton who was the first to measure photon-electron scattering in 1922. When the incoming photon gives part of its energy to the electron, then the scattered photon has lower energy and according to the2.html#c3Planck relationshiphas lower frequency and longer wavelength. The wavelength change in such scattering depends only upon the angle of scattering for a given target particle. The constant in the Compton formula above can be written and is called the Compton wavelength for the electron. The formula presumes that the scattering occurs in the rest frame of the electron Compton scattering occurs when the incident x-ray photon is deflected from its original path by an interaction with an electron. The electron is ejected from its orbital position and the x-ray photon loses energy because of the interaction but continues to travel through the material along an altered path. Energy and momentum are conserved in this process. The energy shift depends on the angle of scattering and not on the nature of the scattering medium. Since the scattered x-ray photon has less energy, it has a longer wavelength and less penetrating than the incident photon. Compton Effect was first observed by Arthur Compton in 1923 and this discovery led to his award of the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics. The discovery is important because it demonstrates that light cannot be explained purely as a wave phenomenon. Comptons work convinced the scientific community that light can behave as a stream of particles (photons) whose energy is proportional to the frequency. The change in wavelength of the scattered photon is given by: Where: L = wavelength of incident x-ray photon l = wavelength of scattered x-ray photon H = Plancks Constant: The fundamental constant equal to the ratio of the energy E of a quantum of energy to its frequency v: E=hv. me = the mass of an electron at rest C = the speed of light Q = The scattering angle of the scattered photon The applet below demonstrates Compton scattering as calculated with the Klein-Nishina formula, which provides an accurate prediction of the angular distribution of x-rays and gamma-rays that are incident upon a single electron. Before this formula was derived, the electron cross section had been classically derived by the British physicist and discoverer of the electron, J.J. Thomson. However, scattering experiments showed significant deviations from the results predicted by Thomsons model. The Klein-Nishina formula incorporates the Breit-Dirac recoil factor, R, also known as radiation pressure. The formula also corrects for relativistic quantum mechanics and takes into account the interaction of the spin and magnetic moment of the electron with electromagnetic radiation.Quantum mechanics isa system of mechanics based on quantum theory to provide a consistent explanation of both electromagnetic wave and atomic structure. The applet shows that when a photon of a given energy hits an atom, it is sometimes reflected in a different direction. At the same time, it loses energy to an electron that is ejected from the atom. Theta is the angle between the scattered photon direction and the path of the incident photon. Phi is the angle between the scattered electron direction and the path of the incident photon. Derivation of the scattering formula A photonÃŽÂ ³with wavelengthÃŽÂ »is directed at an electronein an atom, which is at rest. The collision causes the electron to recoil, and a new photonÃŽÂ ³Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²with wavelengthÃŽÂ »Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²emerges at angleÃŽÂ ¸. Leteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²denote the electron after the collision. From theconservation of energy, Compton postulated that photons carry momentum;-9-2[3]thus from theconservation of momentum, the momenta of the particles should be related by Assuming the initial momentum of the electron is zero. The photon energies are related to the frequencies by Wherehis thePlanck constant. From therelativistic energy-momentum relation, the electron energies are Along with the conservation of energy, these relations imply that Then From the conservation of momentum, Then by making use of thescalar product, Thus The relation between the frequency and the momentum of a photon ispc=hf, so Now equating 1 and 2, Then dividing both sides by 2hffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²mec, SincefÃŽÂ »=fà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²=c, Detector characteristics Even large Compton-scatter telescopes have relatively small effective areas. This is because only a small number of the incident gamma-rays actually Compton scatter in the top level. So even if an instrument like COMPTEL has a geometric area of several thousand cm2, the effective area (weighted for the probability of an interaction) is a few tens of cm2. Energy resolution is fairly good for these detectors, typically 5-10% This is limited by uncertainties in the measurements of the energy deposited in each layer. Compton scatter telescopes have wide fields-of-view and can form imageseven though the so-called point spread function (the probability that an event came from a certain area on the sky) is a ring. Applications Compton scattering is of prime importance toradiobiology, as it is the most probable interaction of gamma rays and high energy X rays with atoms in living beings and is applied inradiation therapy.3[4] In material physics, Compton scattering can be used to probe thewave functionof the electrons in matter in the momentum representation. Compton scattering is an important effect ingamma spectroscopywhich gives rise to theCompton edge, as it is possible for the gamma rays to scatter out of the detectors used.Compton suppression is used to detect stray scatter gamma rays to counteract this effect. Inverse Compton scattering Inverse Compton scattering is important inastrophysics. InX-ray astronomy, theaccretion disksurrounding ablack holeis believed to produce a thermal spectrum. The lower energy photons produced from this spectrum are scattered to higher energies by relativistic electrons in the surroundingcorona. This is believed to cause the power law component in the X-ray spectra (0.2-10 keV) of accreting black holes. The effect is also observed when photons from thecosmic microwave backgroundmove through the hot gas surrounding agalaxy cluster. The CMB photons are scattered to higher energies by the electrons in this gas, resulting in theSunyaev-ZelHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunyaev-Zeldovich_effectHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunyaev-Zeldovich_effectdovich effect. Observations of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect provide a nearly redshift-independent means of detecting galaxy clusters. Some synchrotron radiation facilities scatter laser light off the stored electron beam. This Compton backscattering produces high energy photons in the MeV to GeV rangesubsequently used for nuclear physics experiments. Future developments Current research on Compton telescopes is emphasizing ways of tracking the scattered electron. By measuring the direction of the scattered electron in the top level, a complete solution for the incoming trajectory of the cosmic gamma-ray can be found. This would allow Compton telescopes to have more conventional data analysis approaches since the event circle would no longer exist.

Importing nurses from overseas for the nursing shortage Essay

The Rapid growth in the aging baby boomers and the shortfall among the full- time equivalent nurses intensify the profound need for skilled nurses, thus, resulting to a massive importation of foreign registered nurse. To that end, several debates and questions sprung due to the governments considerable quick- fix in the shortage; imploring the legalities and the little attention given to the academic sector that strives to combat the problem. With the health care system being the beacon of a nation’s prosperity, addressing problems of statistics with just importation might be a problem itself. With the use of the nursing process, this paper examines the problem at hand, the actions taken and other solutions that may be use in the nursing deficit. Assessment According to the study by Brush, Sochalski, & Berger (2007); during the past 50 years, only 5 % of the United States nursing workforce was imported. It was only in the second half of 1990 that nearly 10,000 foreign nurses migrated. By the 20th century, as revealed by the American Hospital Association Survey of the Hospital Leaders (2007), difficulty in the hospital staffing of nurses garners 2nd or 44% over other hospital positions, with 49% dissatisfaction among nurses and issues of hospital capacity that garners 48% in all hospitals, acted as a bubble to the registered nurse shortage. This in time increases due to a decline in the graduates and the number of candidates taking the National Council Licensure Examination. Now with the increase in life expectancy, The American Hospital Association (2007) projected 75 million will be at the ages of 46 to 64 by 2010; Resulting to an increase in the needs and resources to match up with the future challenges of bedside care especially with chronic conditions in regards to old age Importing nurses from overseas for the nursing shortage p. 2 With a baseline of 2,347,000 demands for full-time equivalent nurses by 2010 as shown by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) it is projected by that only 83% of the total demand will be responded. Approximately there are 116,000 vacant positions for registered nurses or 8. 1 % national vacancy rate (HRSA, 2006). With a big shortage to relieve, the government pushes its efforts to create a more enticing and beneficial area for other nurses abroad to work in the country. Which therefore act as the driving force of the robust and lucrative business of recruitment agencies, that surges a worldwide manpower search resulting a turnover of foreign nurses in the hospital sector of about 71. 5 % as of 2000 alone (Brush et al.2007). In a 2004 survey by the Department of Health and Human Services, over 100,000 foreign born nurses, half of which are Filipinos, are already working in the U. S. (Savage, 2006); Thriving on the 42 % hiring rate of hospitals that have been reported by AHA Survey of Hospital Leaders (2007). As the nurse-patient ratio discrepancy is being filled up, problems with the local sector particularly with the academe tends to shake the grounds; Imploring on the little attention being given by the government to the local sector. As 42, 000 qualified applicants in 2006- 2007 were turned away by US nursing schools (Kuehn, 2007), the problem undermines an institutional problem due to lack of funds to train fresh graduates in relation to lesser clinical training placement, a growing faculty shortage, and a higher percentage of registered nurses that is not practicing as a full-term equivalent nurse in relation to a better shifting, work facility, and compensation on other fields. Importing nurses from overseas for the nursing shortage p. 3 The lack of support for a transition program for the foreign nurses and an increasing foreign recruitment cost for the hospitals also lingers on the sideline. As stated by Parkland Health & Hospital System executive Beth Mancini, MSN, RN, FAAN, in an interview by Heather Stringer last 2002 for Nurseweek. com â€Å"The costs of hiring foreign nurses have substantially increased. † And that several nurse executives said â€Å"It costs about $10,000 to recruit an international nurse today and can take between 18 and 24 months for the nurse to arrive. † With the shortage problem seemingly to increase every year, several nurse executives contends that importation might not just be a short-term solution, and not the best that is, resulting to an aggressive stand to ease the institutional inadequacies. Diagnoses Importation reliance related to limited manpower secondary to work dissatisfaction and or insufficient college programs The unprecedented migration of foreign nurses only resolves the short- term problem in the health care sector. Instead of concentrating on importation, the root of the problem should be taken into account, as well as the drawbacks of relying on importation. Which does not only hinders U. S. institutions growth, but decelerates foreign countries health services. Planning With a wide range of interplaying reasons of nurse deficit, a formulated component of nurses’ shortage is applicable to organize the core problems within the dwindling insufficiency among the heath care sector. Importing nurses from overseas for the nursing shortage p. 4 Components in the nurses’ shortage: †¢ Decline in the public perception of the attractiveness of the nursing profession. Contributed by an increase in professional opportunities for women outside nursing, unattractive salary and longer career advancement. †¢ Unfavorable working conditions. Precipitated by problems on working hours, increase in the nurse-patient ratio, safety and size of the hospital facility. †¢ Inadequate institutional resources. That resulted to a shortage among nursing educators, a shift or state migration to bigger hospitals and lesser clinical placement. Implementation To bolster a growth in the U.S nurses population, problems that arise should be tackled on its ground roots. Using the nurse shortage component list, a summary of programs will be emphasized to meet the underlying causes of the nurses’ shortage. To encourage an influx of students to take up nursing, favorability and a positive avenue for growth and development must be shown. With the studies and advancement made by the National Advisory Council on Nurse Education and Practice (NACNEP) in their third report to the Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Congress last April, 2003. Solutions to the formulated list will be guided by the requirements of the Public Health Service Act as amended by the Nurse Education and Practice Improvement Act of 1998. 1. Decline in the public perception of the attractiveness of the nursing profession. Concentration to provisions that support career enhancement, Importing nurses from overseas for the nursing shortage p. 5 and expansion of knowledge and skills such as the Nurse Reinvestment Act and Career Ladder Grant Program which facilitates and funds further study of nursing specializations and enough appropriations for nurses to become faculty members. 2. Unfavorable working conditions. Enhancing patient care delivery system via granting funds related to communication among heath professionals for continuity of care. Giving out an award that develops internship or residencies for motivation, setting up limits to working hours, and establishment of programs that set nurse staffing to the level of care needed by the patients. 3. Inadequate institutional resources. Reaching out to the young members of society by granting scholarship program in exchange for community service, loans, and monthly stipends. Aside from concentrating on the students, faculty turnover should be address by giving out funds to nurses in exchange to become full- time students that are geared as a future faculty. Evaluation The immense power of a nation to import should not be the sole solution to any inadequacies of a country, though importation is beneficial to fill in the gaps, foresight is much needed to give a better perspective of what is vital for a country to grow. Providing continued support to the local system most especially to the academic and medical institutions, fosters a bigger advantage to the local sector. It produces insurmountable avenues and resources with for further health care challenges. Such actions taken by the NACNEP brings about a wider range of possibilities for the profession to grow. References American Hospital Association. (2007, May 8). When I’m 64: How boomers will change health care. Retrieved November 1, 2007, from http://www. aha. org/aha/research-and-trends/index. html American Hospital Association. (2007, July). The 2007 State of Americas Hospital-taking the pulse. Retrieved November 1, 2007, from http://www. aha. org/aha/research-and-trends/index. html> Brush, B.L , & Sochalski, J. , & Berger, A. M. ( 2004, May/June). Imported care: recruiting foreign nurses to U. S. health care facilities. Health Affairs, volume 23 (3), p 81. Health Resources and Services Administration. (2003, November). National Advisory Council on Nurse Education and Practice: Third Report to the Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Congress. Health Resources and Services Administration. What is behind HRSA’s projected supply, demand and shortage of registered nurse? Retrieved November 1, 2007, from http://bhpr. hrsa. gov/healthworkforce/reports/behindrnprojections/6.htm Kuehn, B. M. (2007). No end in sight to nursing shortage: Bottleneck at nursing schools as a key factor. Journal of the American Medical Association, volume 298 (14) 1623-1625. Savage, L. (2006, April). Bandaids will not heal the nursing shortage. Hypercube Center for Science and Medical Journal. Boston University College of Communication. Stringer H. (2002, June 6). Foreign investments. Nurseweek. Retrieved on November 1, 2007 from http://www. nurseweek. com/news/features/02-06/international. asp WANTED: Imported Nurses Importing nurses from overseas for the nursing shortageÃ'Ž

Implications on Psychology of the Article Essay

Implications on Psychology of the Article â€Å"Cultural Sensitivity and Cultural Competence† It was argued by Trimble (2003) that psychological constructs and studies should not be analyzed and taken in apart from a view on culture and ethnic background. The proposition had its strengths; however its absolute disqualification of psychological findings, made seemingly without regard to cultural differences, left much to be said. Among others, one of the article’s weaknesses was that although it spoke of cross-cultural studies and placed emphasis on the correct assessment of culture’s effects on psychological constructs, there was a marked focus mainly on North American culture (Trimble, 2003). Caucasians and cultural minorities in the United States were the main population regarded as evidence of the negativity of unfounded generalizations regarding the universality of principles. Seeing as the field of psychology was being attacked as being ethnocentric with its lack of attention to other ethnicities, Trimble also reflected the same ethnocentrism with its failure to take note of local studies conducted in other countries which were the actual home of the ‘other cultures’ that were being championed. The article attacked the unquestioned generalization of established psychological constructs with the presumption that the same are applicable to all persons since humans are basically the same. The role of cultural practices and the effect of cultural differences is not taken into consideration in the application of psychological concepts. Manners of methodology were targeted as a means of unifying indigenous concepts to form a universal store of psychology. However, there was no mention of the current practice or methods applied by psychologists conducting research. It is important to note how research methodologies are done as the same are the basis for clinical practices and even academic discussions in psychology. One specific practice in research is to describe the subject population being studied. This description serves to affirm the interactive culture that participants are exposed to everyday, although it is admitted that the descriptions rarely reflect the ethnic culture background of participants. However, using the definition of culture employed in the article as quoted from Brown in his 1991 book, the latter interactive backgrounds of the participants described in research reports was more reflective of culture as learned and not simply genetically transmitted (Trimble, 2003). It is also to be noted that the article focused its criticisms largely on cognitive, physiological, and evolutionary psychology perspectives, failing to take into account the largely cultural approach of perspectives such as behavioral psychology. Also, the criticisms revolved around the clinical practice of psychologists and the therapist-patient relationship. However, in the remedies suggested the focus was largely on the methodology in conducting researches. There was thus a gap in the parallelism of the problems and solutions presented. It should be admitted however that although the article failed to fully comprehend the nature of the discipline that is psychology, it also made some valid arguments against processes of research in the field. It cannot be refuted that foundational psychological concepts, and even novel concepts resulting from foundational psychological perspectives, are applied to different populations with little regard to whether the same are applicable to the cultural context. The universality of concepts has thus been more a top-down process rather than a conclusion formation considering local conclusions reached by individual communities. There should be a trend towards this same diagram of universalizing concepts. The fundamental question of research methods – not simply methodology in report which was discussed earlier – was also a valid question. Given the variations in communication and interaction in differing cultures, there arises a shift in the manner of drawing information from participants in order to achieve the most truthful self analyses, report, and presentation in researches conducted. When the article presumes however that the bottom-up process of universalizing concepts is largely non-existent in the field of psychology, it is mistaken. The United States is not the only country involved in psychological research and indigenous studies of psychology have already begun in countries outside of America. This is of greater relevance than the lack of the same in cultural minorities within the United States. The limited scope of the article’s focus with regard to cultural groups failed to consider this. However, the article was correct in analyzing the influence of language in the development of indigenous psychologies. Although it was correct in this, it failed to extend its analysis on the manner of interpretation of established psychological constructs in local psychological studies. It is an established practice in research reporting to define and operationalize different variables studied and taken into consideration. Thus, in some studies it was evident that although the same nomenclature was used there was a marked difference in interpretation of the same. Most often the differences in interpretation resulted from the different observations made of cultural practices. The process of generalizing inherent behaviors in particular cultures was thus already present in the mere interpretation of already established nomenclature.